Procedures for Taking the Ship to Dry Dock

That’s purely theory part. And I believe if theory is not attached to practical aspect, it is just a theory.

you might have already read the theory of dry docking in stability. I am going to write about practical aspect of taking a ship to dry dock.

But before I proceed, in layman’s terms I will summarize what we had read about dry docking in stability.

We read and understood these things

1. The time from “when stern touches the blocks” to when “full ship is on the blocks” is the critical period.
2. During the critical period, the vessel’s GM reduces. This is because vessel’s Gravitational center G moves upwards when stern touches the blocks.
3. It is required and a good practice to have least trim while docking so that the critical time is minimal.

Preparing for Dry dock

Well, I am not going into the operational parts which can vary and are exclusive to each company. I will only be talking about preparing for taking the ship into the dock and making it sit on the blocks.

And then off-course bringing the ship out of dry dock.

Days before the planned dry dock, Dock master will make the first contact with the ship. He can do so either directly or through the company representative such as superintendent.

Dock master has huge responsibility of calculating the stresses on dock as well as the ship’s structure. Any miscalculation can lead to serious accidents resulting in huge damages. These damages can be to the ship as well as dock itself.

The dock master is trained for block arrangement and stability during dry docking. For all these calculations, dock master needs certain information from the ship. Among other things, he will ask for

1. a copy of Vessel’s Docking plan
2. Arrival Stability condition
3. Pre-docking condition

Some of the content of his email might look something like this

From the docking plan, dock master wants to know

1. Hull structure so that he can arrange the blocks to support the ship’s hull.
2. Locations of transducers for log and echo sounders so that these do not come beneath the blocks.
3. Location of sea chests and drain plugs for the same reason.

Based on the docking plan provided by the ship, dock master prepares his own docking plan for the ship.  Below are some of the sections of actual docking plan prepared by dock master for s ship arriving for dry dock.

As you can see, dock master has planned which blocks he needs to remove and where he needs to put blocks. He also has specifically marked the location of echo sounder and speed log.

Have a look at more closer view below, which is again from same docking plan prepared by dock master.

I think the above image make it more clear about what dock master is trying to achieve from the docking plan.  If you want to see the stern view too. Here is it.

And this is no theory.  This is an actual docking plan prepared by dock master for a ship arriving for dry dock.

I know I am kind repeating myself but I can’t say it enough. That is because I get excited to see real thing than just theory.

Stability condition and weight distribution

Apart from docking plan, dock master would ask arrival weight distribution of the ship.

There can be up to 4 stages for which stability calculations is required. These stages are

1. Arrival Dry docking port
2. Pre-docking condition
3. Ship sitting on the blocks but dock not yet empty (also called wet condition by dock master)
4. Ship on the blocks and dock empty (called Dry condition by docking master

Lets discuss each of this condition

Arrival Dry docking port

On arrival dry docking port, you need to have least possible ballast.  By least possible I mean, propeller should be immersed. And also you should be complying with all stability requirements.

Pre-docking stability condition

So we know that we cannot arrive with zero ballast as our propeller need to be immersed and the ship need to be stable.

But what is the logic behind having other three conditions? Why can’t we just remove all the ballast and go inside the dock?

Lets understand the logic behind these conditions.

Docking with zero ballast is the ideal condition. But most of the times this would not be possible. That is because docking master would limit you for the maximum trim that you can have. In zero ballast condition your trim may be more than 2 meters.

Dock master would want you to reduce the trim to around 0.5 meters. This depends on the dock on how much trim you can have before docking.

We have already discussed the reason for the need of least trim while docking. This is to have the least critical period. More trim we have, more will be the time required to bring the vessel from stern on block to full ship on block. And this is the critical period with least GM value. We do not want to have the ship in critical period for longer time.

Most of the ships will have considerable stern trim in light weight condition. So most ships will need to have some ballast forward in Pre-docking condition.

The amount of ballast would depend on how much trim dock master has advised you to have.

Stability condition while ship on blocks but dock not empty

When the ship is on the blocks, you have already passed the critical period. Dock master will tell you to start deballasting. The only concern dock master will have is the ship should not refloat.

Ship can refloat if dock deballsting cannot compensate for decrease in draft because of deballasting.

The condition is monitored by the dock master and he would tell you on how much ballast you can remove in this condition.

But the question is why the dock master need the vessel to remove the ballast concurrently when he empties the dock?

This is because dock water does not want to have more weight on the blocks. When the ship is sitting on the blocks but has water inside the dock, there is certain amount of buoyancy ship has. This buoyancy acts like upthrust which reduces the effective weight acting on the blocks.

This condition will be discussed by dock master and he will advise when and how much ballast you can remove.

As I said earlier, dock master bases his calculations on not to allow ship to refloat.

Ship on the blocks and dock empty

When the ship is on the blocks and there is no danger of ship re-floating, dock master will tell to take out all ballast.

Dock masters sometimes call this condition as Dry condition.

Procedures for taking the ship to dry dock

Now that we know about the stability part, lets look into each stages of taking the ship to the dry dock.

Arrival to dry docking port

As I mentioned, you would arrive with least ballast. That would be arrival dry docking port condition. Even though the ship will be complying with draft and stability requirements, but the ship will be light. Lighter than usual ballast condition. So before you arrive at this condition, it is important to scan the weather reports. You would not want to arrive in light condition if the weather prediction are rough.

Most of the time, the ship is taken to the lay up berth before going into the dry dock. If not, vessel need to be at anchor for deballasting to arrive at Pre-docking condition.

While at anchor, dock safety inspector will board the vessel. He will do the gas check of all the compartments to make sure that vessel is gas free. He will then issue a gas free certificate. He will also give safety booklet of the dock which will have all the safety regulations of the dock.

Docking of the vessel

Vessel will dock when it has achieved the pre-docking condition. In this condition vessel will have least ballast to achieve the required trim.

Before docking, dock master will board the vessel. He will discuss the docking procedures with master and chief officer. He will give the mooring arrangement plan while docking. He will specify the panama leads from where the moorings will be passed.

Apart from this he will also discuss about the ballast condition at each stage.

For shifting to dock, pilot will board the vessel. As the ship’s engine will not be available, ship will have number of tugs to move the ship to dry dock. The number of tugs would depend on how big the ship is and how powerful the tugs are. In any case, all ships can expect 5 tugs or more.

Out of these 5 tugs usually 2 will only be assisting for pushing. Different docks can have different arrangements for making fast the tugs. It will all depend upon the location, tidal current and local factors.

One of such arrangement can be two tugs made fast forward, one made fast aft and two tugs standby. The one tug made fast aft will have one line on each side of the poop deck to have better control in handling the ship.

Depending upon the dock, ship will either enter stern in or bow in.

The pilot will bring the ship parallel to the dock. When the stern (or bow whichever is entering first) is close to the dock knuckle, docking master will take over from pilot. Docking master is different from dock master. Docking master may not board the vessel and will be giving instructions to the tugs from the dock itself.

When the ship is inside the dock, ship’s crew need to pass the mooring lines as per the agreed mooring arrangement. Usually forward and aft will have two lines on each side. Out of two lines on each side, one on each side can be shore line. But this can be different and mooring arrangements will be advised by the dock master.

When the ship is made fast with the moorings, docking master will sign off and dock master will take over.

Vessel on the blocks

Before dock master start to remove dock water, a diver will make underwater inspection. Diver will ensure that echo sounder and log sensors are clear and not sitting under the blocks. He will also ensure physically that vessel’s centerline is in line with the blocks. It is a good practice to switch off the echo sounder and speed log now.

After the diver has made his inspection, dock master will start pumping out dock water.

Dock master will let the vessel know when stern has touched the blocks and when ship is on the blocks.

After the ship is on the blocks, dock master will tell to start pumping out ballast to arrive at wet condition.

As the dock water is being pumped out, at one point the water will go down from the generator cooling water sea chest.

After this point ship will get power supply from shore.

A shore electrician will board the ship (Through basket and shore crane) and make arrangement to connect the shore power. Ship’s electrician should coordinate with him to have the shore power connected.

You should check if shore power will be enough for running the ballast pump and mooring winches. If not, this should be discussed with dock master in advance. He will then ensure that water level does not go below sea chest until you have pumped out required ballast.

Once on shore power, dock master would continue to dry the dock. He will tell you to take out all ballast accordingly. You may do so with gravity as same might be more effective.

Once the dock is dry and ship sitting on the blocks, you can line up to deballast all ballast tanks by gravity. This is to let all the water drain whatever is left in the ballast tanks.

So now you have already brought the ship to the dry dock. It is wonderful view to see the ship out of water. You should not wait to go down in the dock and have a look at her.

Removing the Drain plugs

The Ship repair manager will now request the chief officer to witness removal of the bottom plugs.

As you know, each tank which form part of the hull has a bottom plug to drain the water in dry dock.

Removing bottom plugs ensure that the tanks are empty and dry. As bottom plug of each tank is removed, it is important to label it. This will ensure that bottom plugs are not interchanged while fitting back.

Though plugs of all the ballast tanks are of same size, it is best practice to fit back plugs which belongs to each tank.

If you wish to experience how we remove the bottom plugs, watch this video here

Departure from Dry Dock

After few hectic days in dry dock, it would be time to leave dry dock. We need to be equally attentive in leaving the dry dock as we were while coming into the dry dock.

Before dock master floods the dry dock, all the underwater things needs to be in order. This includes sea chests, ICCP system, echo sounder sensors, log sensors and drain plugs.

Echo sounder, log and drain plugs are tested for air and water tightness. Testing involves first putting soap solution around drain plug. Then we create vacuum around drain plug and look for any bubbles.

If you have never experienced this testing before, video of testing of drain plug is here

After all these integrity tests are complete, it is time to leave the dry dock.

The best approach of leaving the dry dock is to follow exactly how the ship came into the dry dock.

It would involve

1. Filling the ballast to bring the ship to wet condition.
2. passing the lines as was in the arrival condition
3. Flooding the dock
4. Filling the ballast to pre-dry dock condition
5. Flooding the dock up to the level where ship is fully afloat.
6. Disconnecting the shore supply and taking ship’s generators on load
7. Taking the ship out of the dock with the help of tugs.

Finally to summarise the process of bringing a ship to the dry dock,  here is an Infographic

Conclusion

Dry docking is a great experience for those who do not want to stop learning. The special thing about dry docking is that  there are plenty things that a seafarer can learn each time he attends a dry dock.

While it might seem to be a difficult process but if we view the whole process logically, it would seem a routine.

If you are going for a dry dock, Enjoy the learning process. And let me know in the comments below if there was anything that should form a part of this guide.

To watch video of Opening of Bottom Plugs, please click here

To watch video of Pressure Testing of Bottom Plugs of Ship, please click here

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Source: My Seatime