Cargo ships will have to start using clean fuels from January 2020, a boon for the environment however leading to higher bills for consumers, says an article published in Phys.Org.
Idea is to reduce toxic emission
The International Maritime Organization decided in 2016 that the sulphur levels in fuels for ships would have to fall to 0.5 percent in 2020, compared to 3.5 percent currently.
The idea is to reduce the emission of highly toxic sulphur dioxide, a health hazard also responsible for causing acid rain, by the nearly 80,000 cargo ships which ply the seas delivering raw materials and merchandise.
The shipping industry is critical to the global economy but the pollution it generates is estimated to cause 400,000 premature deaths and 14 million cases of asthma among children per year, according to a 2018 article in the magazine Nature.
Owners options to comply
Shipowners have several options to meet the new regulations.
- Continue with heavy fuel oil but install scrubbers that remove sulphur from the exhaust fumes.
- Shipowners to convert their vessels to run on liquefied natural gas (LNG), a fuel which is much less polluting.
- The easiest option for many is to switch to new fuels with low sulphur content or marine diesel oil.
Dedicated high sulphur production
Around 3.6 million barrels of oil per day are used to produce the fuels used by the shipping industry. Around one-sixth of the total is expected to remain dedicated to production of high-sulphur content heavy fuel oil for vessels equipped with scrubbers or those which do not immediately comply with the new regulations.
“That leaves about 3 millions barrels a day that needs to adjust to the 0.5 percent fuel regulation” said Chris Midgley, head of analytics at S&P Global Platts.
Largest ever transformation
The International Energy Agency said recently that the oil products market is heading for its “largest ever transformation” as refiners “will need to adapt to a new demand landscape”.
Financial impact on owners and consumers
The major impact on shipowners will likely be an increase in costs. Nelly Grassin of Armateurs de France said:
- Fuels that meet the new regulations are more complicated to produce and are more expensive, but could see a larger increase with higher demand.
- Even those whose ships remain on heavy fuel oil could face higher prices as refineries need to recoup costs on smaller volumes.
- Cargo firms may then be tempted to raise their rates to ship goods, which could eventually lead to higher prices for consumers.
- The higher demand for compliant fuels will mean higher demand for low-sulphur crude oil that is used to produce petrol and jet fuel and this will have a knock-on effect for consumers with higher prices to drive or fly.
Impact on processing cost
Both Brent and WTI, two benchmark grades of crude oil that are heavily traded on the markets, are “sweet” in industry parlance, meaning they have a low sulphur content.
But crude pumped from many other areas is “sour”, meaning it has more sulphur, including hydrogen sulphide which is responsible for causing the “rotten egg” smell, and more costly to process.
“Brent could rise and test $70, maybe break through $70 at the end of the year,” said Midgley, compared to under $60 per barrel currently.
Impact on gasoline buyers
The new IMO fuel regulations “will have a knock-on impact on all consumers who are buying gasoline or diesel,” he added.
Impact on general public
For Alan Gelder, a vice president at the energy research and consultancy group Wood Mackenzie, “the general public will be impacted by the IMO regulation in two major ways –- the cost of flights and the retail prices of road diesel.”
Any increases in airfares are likely to be more gradual as airlines usually lock in prices for several months in advance using financial tools.
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Source: Phys.Org
