The European Maritime Transport Environmental Report, launched by the European Environment Agency and the European Maritime Safety Agency, marks the first comprehensive health-check of the sector, says an article published on their website.
Shipping’s pollution is less than aviation or road transport
A new report jointly published by the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) and the European Environment Agency (EEA) shows that despite carrying most trade, the shipping sector’s contribution to pollution is less than aviation or road transport.
The report shows that ships produce 13.5 % of all greenhouse gas emissions from transport in the EU, behind emissions from road transport (71 %) and aviation (14.4 %). Sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions from ships calling in European ports amounted to approximately 1.63 million tonnes in 2019, a figure which is expected to fall further over the coming decades due to stricter environmental rules and measures.
GHG emissions from transport in the EU
Maritime transport is an essential element of global trade and the economy and is therefore highly globalised. In the EU, it carries 77 % of external trade and 35 % of intra-EU trade. It’s also an important source of employment in the EU.
Although the maritime sector brings substantial economic and social benefits to the EU, it also has an impact on the environment and the health of EU citizens.
Despite progress in recent years, maritime transport continues to exert pressures on the environment through, among others, greenhouse gas emissions.
The sector produces 13.5% of all greenhouse gas emissions from transport in the EU – slightly behind aviation and significantly behind road transport:
Ship-generated emissions
Air emissions from ships can also be detrimental to human health, with the potential to affect almost 40% of Europeans living within 50 km of the sea. The report also says that emissions from the sector also contribute to water acidification and changes in nutrient and oxygen levels in the marine environment.
As a result of various onboard combustion and energy transformation processes, most markedly for propulsion and energy production, ships emit various air pollutants into the atmosphere. 
The main ones are SOx, NOx, particulate matter (PM) and carbon monoxide (CO). Other air pollutants emitted by ships vary as a result of the nature of their operation, and include, albeit to a much lesser extent, non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and ozone depleting substances (ODSs).
According to the report In 2018, the proportion of emissions produced by the waterborne transport sector, including international, domestic and inland water navigation, represented only 24% for NOx, 24% for SOx and 9% of PM2.5 of the emissions from all the sectors considered
Underwater noise
Ships create underwater noise. This noise can contribute to loss of hearing in marine species, a reduction in communication between individuals, a potential increase in stress levels and various behavioural changes.
Measurements in the last 50 years have shown that noise in the oceans is rapidly increasing, and there is also documented scientific evidence linking noise exposure to a range of harmful effects on marine mammals, sea turtles, fish and invertebrates.
Introductions of non-indigenous species in seas
Maritime transport also accounts for the largest proportion of introductions of non-indigenous species in seas around the EU. Organisms are transported mainly through ballast water (up to 25.5%) and hull fouling (up to 21.2%), while other sources, such as dredging, angling or fishing equipment, account for a minor percentage of introductions.
Once established in a new habitat, non-indigenous species can become ‘invasive’ and have sometimes damaging impacts on local ecosystems.
Oil spills 
Oil spills are one of the most concerning sources of marine pollution, as they are difficult to clean up and can last for long periods of time in the marine environment.
They can severely pollute marine and coastal habitats, causing damage to the natural environment and the economy. This can also result from inappropriate clean-up operations after an oil spill.
Oil spills can originate from deliberate operational discharges, from negligence, such as poor maintenance of equipment, or from the consequences of an accident or incident, such as a vessel collision or grounding or a pipeline rupture.
However, despite the fact that the quantity of oil transported by sea has been increasing for the past two decades, the number of accidental oil spills in EU waters has been in decline.
Summary
- The European Maritime Transport Environmental Report, launched by the European Environment Agency and the European Maritime Safety Agency, marks the first comprehensive health-check of the sector.
- The report shows that ships produce 13.5 % of all greenhouse gas emissions from transport in the EU, behind emissions from road transport (71 %) and aviation (14.4 %).
- Air emissions from ships can also be detrimental to human health, with the potential to affect almost 40% of Europeans living within 50 km of the sea.
- Oil spills are one of the most concerning sources of marine pollution, as they are difficult to clean up and can last for long periods of time in the marine environment.
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Source: ship insight
