by Antonia Colibasanu
In geopolitics, events rarely occur in isolation.
Several stories about German exports, banks, and the shipping industry recently appeared in the media. But these stories do not gain their full significance unless taken as part of a bigger picture.
There is an inherent link between trade, the shipping industry and banks, given the linkage of their operations. The headlines provide a clearer picture of how the exporter crisis we forecast is unfolding. The crisis now intersects with another forecast on the fall of German banks.
Germany reported the world’s largest trade balance surplus. Its exports surpassed imports by 253 billion euros ($271 billion). Germany’s geography has allowed it to become the leading exporter and one of the most prosperous countries.
Its central location in Europe, access to the North Sea, and unique riverbed formed by the Rhine, Elbe, and Danube rivers contributed to its success.
Easy access to maritime shipping routes meant cheap transport and helped create profitable exports. At the same time, an increase in German exports created the fundamentals for developing ports and other infrastructure.
Buying German Goods
The development of the shipping business is synced with that of trade. nGermany derives 47 percent of its GDP from exports. Its stability is dependent on other countries’ ability to buy German goods.
The fact that the German current account registered the highest surplus in the world in 2016, surpassing China, underlines Germany’s global exposure once again.
The world hasn’t fully recovered from the 2008 crisis. Considering the socio-economic problems in Europe—its largest market—Germany looked to increase exports to other destinations.
Russia, the Middle East, and China struggle to keep their economies stable. The US is the only country that has shown real but sluggish recovery since 2008. With the global slowdown in trade and investment, the shipping industry has faced immediate problems.
After 2008, too many ships existed with too little trade. In the short term, that seemed positive for Germany. Cheaper shipping rates promised safe profits for exporters. But what was good for exporters proved to be bad for German banks.
The Largest Banks
Also on February 9, Commerzbank, the second largest bank in Germany, announced that earnings had fallen by five percent in the last quarter of 2016. That happened as the bank increased provisions against bad shipping loans. The bank expects its losses on shipping loans to be as high as 600 million euros this year. Losses nearly doubled last year to 559 million euros.
This follows the announcement last week by Germany’s largest bank, Deutsche Bank (DB), that losses on shipping loans nearly tripled from a year earlier, to 346 million euros. This news points to a major weakness in the German banking system: Its financial sector’s exposure to the international shipping industry.
The 2017 forecast (download the special report here) explains how the 2008 financial crisis is the root cause behind the exporters’ crisis. That includes, but also extends beyond, Germany. Also subject to the 2008 crisis fallout is the shipping industry, which hasn’t recovered.
A crash in the global economy meant a drop in demand for international shipping, which soon saw a surplus of containers and ships. However, instead of scrapping members of their fleets, many companies opted to take advantage of low credit rates and reduced costs to invest in bigger vessels.
In theory, this made sense given more cargo could be shipped at one time. The completion of the Panama Canal expansion also would allow for larger ships.
Domino Effect
Over the last two years, fleet capacity has increasingly outstripped trade demand. Again, a domino effect of consequences occurred. Freight rates began to plunge. By early 2016, major world shipping companies formed three trans-Pacific shipping alliances. That was an attempt to manage cargo share and have more coordinated control of fleet numbers.
Both moves were geared toward helping freight prices recover. Freight prices reached record lows in the second quarter of 2016, dropping by 18 percent compared to the previous year. Many of the world’s shipping companies reported heavy financial losses. For only the second time in the company’s history, Maersk reported an annual loss in 2016. Cosco reported a loss of $1.44 billion.
The global shipping industry does not expect to see a strong recovery or boost in demand this year. As shipping profits decline, it will become increasingly difficult to service debt. This means banks will run a higher risk of writing off more loans.
According to the German Shipowners’ Association, German banks and investors own about 29 percent of the world’s container ship capacity. German lenders have been the biggest issuers of shipping loans.
Vulnerability
Based on Petrofin Global Bank Research statistics, German banks own one-fourth of all outstanding shipping loans made by large banks. That’s about $90 billion. That makes them vulnerable to the shipping malaise.
As the shipping industry faces bankruptcies, bank losses are increasing. Smaller banks like HSH Nordbank, NORD/LB, and Bremer Landesbank have faced problems since 2010 due to exposure to the shipping business.
DVB Bank also specializes in shipping and faces credit problems due to the shipping industry. DekaBank had to cut its business outlook for 2016 by 20 percent. It needed to set aside large amounts for bad shipping loans in the first two quarters.
A January report by German public broadcaster ARD noted that up to 20 billion euros in credit guarantees might be needed to prop up banks in the northern states of Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein. Those banks have bad investments in container shipping.
Increasing Fragility
So far, none of these shipping-related credit problems have been big enough to challenge the German banking system’s stability. At first view, the news from Commerzbank and Deutsche Bank don’t seem to be, either.
But the rate at which losses are increasing year-on-year is worrisome. And the shipping industry is not expected to recover large profit margins anytime soon.
The quickening of bank losses due to shipping sector problems indicates increasing vulnerability of the German banking sector to global markets. This issue adds to the list of problems the German banking system must deal with. It also is another indicator of the increasingly fragile state of the German economy.
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Source: Equities
