The Complex Physics Behind ‘Boomerang’ Earthquake

• This magnitude 7.1 earthquake started deep underground, in a gash on the Atlantic seafloor, a little more than 650 miles off the coast of Liberia, in western Africa.
• It rushed eastward and upward, then did an about-face, boomeranged back along upper section of the fault at incredible speeds that led to the geologic version of a sonic boom.
• The ferocity of shaking from an earthquake is usually focused in the direction the temblor is traveling.
• But a boomerang quake, or a ‘back-propagating rupture’ in scientific terms, may spread the intense shaking across a wider zone.
• It remains uncertain how common boomerang earthquakes are—and how many travel at such great speeds.
• A study published in the journal Nature Geoscience, is a major step toward untangling the complex physics behind these events and understanding their potential hazards.

Weird ‘boomerang’ earthquake detected under the Atlantic Ocean, writes Maya Wei-Haas for the National Geographic.  The temblor shot eastward across a deep gash in the seafloor, and then zipped back to where it started at incredible speeds. It moved so fast it created the geologic version of a sonic boom.

A magnitude 7.2 earthquake

A magnitude 7.2 earthquake bolted past Rosario García González’s house in Baja California on a spring afternoon in 2010. González, an elder of the indigenous Cucapah community, later recounted the remarkable sight to scientists: As the quake cracked open the surface, it kicked up a cloud of dust, like a car racing across the shrubby landscape.

But the car, it seemed, was going the wrong way.

Earthquakes usually crack the surface traveling in a single direction, like the tip of a tear through a piece of paper. But according to González, the dust cloud from the progressing quake was rushing back to where the temblor originated—the exact opposite direction scientists expected.

Eye-witness on earthquake

This eye-witness account of a backward-racing quake thrilled scientists. Orlando Teran, who at the time was working toward his Ph.D. at the Ensenada Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education, called the description “spectacular.” But precisely what happened that day remains unconfirmed, because seismic evidence couldn’t verify what González had seen.

Now, an international team of researchers have finally caught one of these “boomerang” quakes in glorious detail, documenting the temblor racing in one direction and then back the way it came.

A deep-sea earthquake with unusual behavior

Ocean-bottom sensors detected a powerful earthquake in the Romanche Fracture Zone—an active fault where two tectonic plates slide side-by-side. The quake showed clear evidence of a mysterious seismic mechanism.

Knowledge about past earthquakes

“Studies like this help us understand how past earthquakes ruptured, how future earthquakes may rupture, and how that relates to the potential impact for faults near populated areas,” says Kasey Aderhold, a seismologist with the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology, via email.

A kick in the ground

The latest boomerang was recorded near the mid-ocean ridge in the Atlantic, where the South American and African tectonic plates slowly inch apart. In spring 2016, scientists placed 39 seismometers near the ridge to collect the rumbles of distant quakes in an effort to visualize the base of the tectonic plate.

Several months later, the magnitude 7.1 quake rumbled by. The temblor struck on a nearby fault in what’s known as the Romanche Fracture Zone, says Stephen Hicks, an earthquake seismologist at the Imperial College London and first author of the new study.

Recording in a series of squiggles

The fleet of seismometers faithfully recorded the shaking ground in a series of squiggles, including what seemed to be a pair of pulses. Intrigued, Hicks and his colleagues looked closer, identifying what seemed to be two steps of the quake. By examining the position of the epicenter and the energy released by each rumbling phase, the team connected the geologic dots: The quake initially headed eastward, but then turned back west. “This was a weird sort of configuration to see,” he says.

The team was still uncertain the earthquake actually boomeranged back and forth. So Hicks reached out to Ryo Okuwaki of the University of Tsukuba in Japan, who looked for the faint echoes of the event caught by other seismometers around the world. In just a few days, analysis of these distant traces provided an answer: The quake had likely boomeranged.

Quake starts deep underground

Further computer modeling suggested that the quake may have started deep underground rushing eastward until it neared the mid-ocean ridge. There, it turned back and raced through the upper section of the fault. This second leg of the temblor moved remarkably quickly, at so-called supershear speeds. The quake unzipped the surface at an estimated 11,000 miles per hour—fast enough to dart from New York to London in 18.5 minutes. This is so quick that the seismic waves pile up much like the Mach cone that forms from pressure waves as an airplane flies at supersonic speed. The concentrated cone of waves from a supershear quake can further amplify a temblor’s destructive power.

A bevy of boomerangs

Understanding when and why these boomerang events happen is vital to grappling with the array of risks earthquakes present.

Shaking from a quake can focus near one the end of the fault, in the direction the temblor is traveling, which is similar to the muting of the high pitch tones of a horn as a train rushes by. “Like the Doppler effect,” says seismologist Lingsen Meng of the University of California, Los Angeles, who was not part of the study team.

While this focused shaking is usually thought to happen in one direction, a boomerang could focus shaking in two opposite zones. And if it were supershear, the rattling could be even worse.

But at least one big question remains: How often does this happen?

A boomerang quake at supershear speeds, as the team observed in the Atlantic, may be a fairly rare breed. “To the best of my knowledge, this is the first time it has been reported,” says geophysicist Yoshihiro Kaneko of GNS Science in New Zealand, who was not part of the study team.

Evidence of boomerang quakes

But wider evidence of boomerang quakes is mounting. These back-tracking events have been studied in computer models as well as simulated in lab experiments. “The theory says that it’s there, but it’s quite difficult to see that [in the real world],” says geophysicist Louisa Brotherson, a PhD researcher at the University of Liverpool in the U.K., who simulates earthquakes in the lab.

Observation of boomerang

Boomerang ruptures have been observed during what are known as slow earthquakes, which don’t happen with a jolt but progress slowly over days or even months, says seismologist Jean-Paul Ampuero of the Université Côte d’Azur in France. He recently identified back-propagating quakes in computer simulations.

Hints on other quakes

There have also been hints of these events for other quakes. Some scientists argue that the magnitude 9.0 Tohoku earthquake that struck Japan in 2011, the most powerful in the country’s recorded history, may have had some amount of boomeranged rupture, Meng notes. The 2016 earthquake that rattled Kumamoto also seems to have ruptured in a similar process, Kaneko adds. For that event, the initial shake triggered two other quakes in a cascade of events, one of which raced backward to partially overlap the initial break.

“This might be actually more common than we think,” Kaneko says.

These boomerangs may be obscured by common methods used to analyze quakes, which are based on an assumption that a temblor rushes in one direction. “Naturally we’re not looking for it, we don’t expect it to exist,” Ampuero says. Yet for earthquakes, it seems, complexities might be the norm rather than the exception.

As Hicks puts it: “The more and more we look at earthquakes in more detail, of course we see stranger things.”

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Source: National Geographic

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